Cytomorphology of papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity

INTRODUCTION

Papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity (PRNRP) is an emerging oncocytic renal neoplasm. This entity was first described in 2019 by Al-Obaidy et al.^[1] In the current World Health Organization (WHO) 5^th edition, this entity is included under the papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) category.^[2,3] Subsequent studies have shown that these tumors have specific morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features and propose that this entity be separated from pRCCs as these tumors tend to have indolent clinical behavior.^[4-14] These tumors affect adults and show slight male preponderance. These tumors are well-circumscribed and may be partly cystic.^[11] Histologically, PRNRPs are characterized by papillary architecture lined by a single layer of cuboidal cells with granular eosinophilic/oncocytic cytoplasm and apically located small round bland nuclei. The most characteristic feature is the positioning of the small round nuclei away from the basement membrane, reflecting the nomenclature given to describe these tumors.^[4-14] By immunohistochemistry (IHC), these tumors show diffuse expression of CK7 and GATA-3 and are typically negative for CD117 and vimentin. Molecular analysis has shown that these tumors (80–90%) show alterations of KRAS gene^[6-10] and chromosomal abnormalities in 7, 17, and Y chromosomes (30%). Differential diagnosis of these tumors includes pRCCs that are typically managed by surgery.

Fine-needle aspiration and/or core-needle biopsy (CNB) with touch preparation (TP) are increasingly used for diagnosing incidentally detected small renal masses. Specific subtyping of renal neoplasms by cytology is possible in the majority of the cases. The results can guide further management of patients.

Cytomorphologic features of this emerging entity have not been described in the literature before. In this study, we report cytomorphologic features of a case of PRNRP and compare with cytomorphologic features of pRCCs reported in the literature.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

One case of PRNRP was identified from the pathology database at the Ohio State University (OSU). This case was a consult case of renal mass CNB with TP. IHC was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks at the OSU as well as at the referring hospital. Clinical presentation, cytomorphologic features, ancillary tests, and histopathology results were analyzed. Cytomorphology features were assessed, including cell size, cytoplasm, nuclear grade, nuclear grooves, foamy histiocytes, hemosiderin-laden histiocytes, psammoma bodies, hyaline globules, and inflammation. Nuclear grade was assigned using the World Health Organization/International Society of Urologic Pathologists (ISUP) grading system as grade 1: No nucleoli or inconspicuous nucleoli at ×400, grade 2: Conspicuous and eosinophilic nucleoli at ×400, grade 3: Conspicuous and eosinophilic nucleoli at ×100, and grade 4: Extreme nuclear pleomorphism, multinucleated tumor giant cells, and rhabdoid or sarcomatoid differentiation. Cytomorphologic features were compared to the reported cytomorphologic features of pRCCs.

Follow-up

The patient is currently under active surveillance. A follow-up CT scan of the abdomen showed stable tumor size after 6 months of initial diagnosis.

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Figure 1:

Computed tomography (CT) abdomen showing small renal mass involving left kidney.

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Figure 2:

(a) Highly cellular touch preparation showing tight cohesive 3-D clusters of tumor cells and singly dispersed cells in the background. (b) The cells are arranged in 3-D clusters with variable fibrovascular cores (FCs). (c) Note the presence of characteristic FC transgressing the tumor cell cluster. (d) Background shows singly dispersed and loosely cohesive clusters of oncocytic cells with round eccentric nuclei and abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. (e) Some of the single cells showed intranuclear pseudo-inclusion and bi-nucleation. (f) Note the characteristic apical localization of nuclei away from the FC.

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Table 1: Comparison between cytomorphologic features of PRNRP and pRCC.

Cytologic features	PRNRP	pRCC
3-D clusters	+	±
Lose clusters	+	±
Singly scattered oncocytic cells	+	±
Papillary structures	+	+
Fibrovascular cores	±	++
Cell size	Small	Small-medium-large
Cell types	Cuboidal	Cuboidal, columnar, polygonal
Cytoplasm	Fine granular, oncocytic	Light basophilic, clear or eosinophilic
Cytoplasmic volume	Moderate	Variable
Nuclear features	Round nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli	Round to oval, variably prominent nucleoli
Nuclear grade	1	1–4
Nuclear grooves	-	±
Mitosis	-	+
Necrosis	-	±
Foamy macrophages	-	±
Hemosiderin-laden macrophages	-	±
Psammoma bodies	-	±
Intracytoplasmic hemosiderin	-	+
Inflammation	-	+ (Warthin like variant of pRCC)
Hyaline globules	-	±

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Figure 3:

(a and b) Core-needle biopsy showing a papillary tumor with fibrovascular cores lined by single layer of cuboidal oncocytic cells. The cells show presence of round monomorphic nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli away from the basement membrane (Hematoxylin and eosin ×10) (c and d). The tumor cells were positive for CK7 and GATA-3, respectively.

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DISCUSSION

PRNRP is a distinct entity with unique histomorphology, IHC, and KRAS missense mutation. The diagnosis can be made based on morphology and IHC.^[1-14] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study describing the cytologic features of PRNRP. In this case study, the TP was cellular and showed 3-D tight clusters of epithelial cells with variable presence of FCs. The background showed singly dispersed and loosely cohesive clusters of oncocytic cells. The cells of PRNRP were cuboidal to polygonal with round apically located nuclei reminiscent of the histomorphology of these tumors. The nuclei were small, round with regular nuclear contour and inconspicuous nucleoli (World Health Organization/ISUP grade 1). No necrosis or mitosis was identified. Differential diagnosis includes low-grade pRCCS and other renal tumors with papillary architecture. [Table 1] compares cytologic features PRNRP and pRCCs. As per the new World Health Organization 5^th edition, subclassification of pRCCs to type 1 and type 2 is no longer required. Cytologic features of pRCC^[15-19] include cellular smears composed of abundant papillary structures with true FCs or 3-D spheres of tumor cells and few single cells. The tumor cells show variable amounts of cytoplasm, small nuclei with mild-to-moderate hyperchromasia with nucleoli and grooves. The background shows the variable presence of histiocytes and psammoma bodies. The tumor cells show intracytoplasmic hemosiderin pigment in a subset of cases. It is feasible to distinguish PRNRP from pRCC based on cytologic features. In challenging cases of low-grade pRCCs, IHC should be used. PRNRP shows a diffuse expression of CK7 and GATA-3. The tumor cells show focal or negative AMACR staining. pRCCs show diffuse expression of CK7 and AMACR and are typically negative for GATA-3. PRNRP shows characteristic KRAS missense mutation. pRCCs show trisomy 7, 17, and loss of Y chromosome and MET gene mutations in low-grade pRCCs.^[20]

Other renal tumors with papillary architecture include papillary adenoma, clear cell pRCC, fumarate hydratase (FH) deficient RCC, eosinophilic solid cystic RCC, collecting duct carcinoma, and TFE3 re-arranged RCC. A renal papillary adenoma is morphologically similar to low-grade pRCC and would not demonstrate reverse nuclear polarity as seen in PRNRP. CPRCT^[21] shows clear cytoplasm by definition and apical localization of nuclei like PRNRP, but these entities can be effectively distinguished using IHC. CPRCTs are positive for CK7, which show characteristic cup-like positivity of CA-IX and variable positivity for CD10 and AMACR whereas PRNRPs are typically negative for CAIX. FH-deficient RCC, eosinophilic solid cystic RCC, and collecting duct carcinoma are high-grade renal carcinomas and, therefore, are less likely to be considered in the differential diagnosis of PRNRP. Cytological features of some of these tumors are described in the literature. FH-deficient RCC shows cell clusters, voluminous cytoplasm, macro-nucleoli, and nuclear pleomorphism. TFE3 re-arranged RCC shows papillary architecture with epithelioid clear cells and abundant psammoma bodies. Due to the presence of oncocytic cells, other differential diagnoses include oncocytoma, chromophobe RCC, and low-grade oncocytic tumor.^[22] Morphologic features helpful for differentiation include a lack of papillary architecture in these tumors. By IHC, oncocytoma and chromophobe RCC show diffuse expression of CD117 as opposed to PRNRP that is typically negative for CD117.

Simple excision is curative for this tumor. However, given the indolent nature of these tumors, active surveillance remains the best choice for managing these patients. Whether these tumors are precursors to the conventional pRCC remains to be explored.

SUMMARY

Cytomorphologic features of PRNRP are unique and characterized by tight 3-D clusters (with or without FCs) of cuboidal cells with small round apically located nuclei and finely granular oncocytic cytoplasm. Specific diagnosis of PRNRP on cytology or CNB is feasible along with the use of ancillary tests such as IHC and/or molecular. Knowledge of the cytomorphologic features of this emerging entity is essential to avoid unnecessary surgical intervention.