Clear cell variant of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of pancreas diagnosed by fine needle aspiration: A case report and review of the literature

INTRODUCTION

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) is an indolent epithelial tumor with a low malignant potential that occurs predominantly in females with a mean age of 28 years.[1] It is mainly localized in the body and tail of the pancreas.[2]

The clear cell variant of SPN is even more unusual with only six papers reported in the English literature.[134567] We present the cytologic features of clear cell variant of SPN with the broad differential diagnosis and a review of past studies.

CASE REPORT

A 22-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital for abdominal pain. Ultrasonogram showed a solid/cystic mass, 2.6 cm in diameter, in the tail of the pancreas. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed using a 22-gauge needle. Rapid onsite evaluation was performed using Diff-Quik-stained smears. Additional smears were fixed in ethanol and stained by the Papanicolaou method. The excess material was fixed in an alcohol-formalin solution for cell block preparation and paraffin sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Immunocytochemical stains were performed on cell block sections.

The material was highly cellular and consisted of a monotonous population of loosely cohesive small to medium-sized, round to cuboidal epithelioid cells exhibiting high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, finely granular “salt and pepper” chromatin and nuclear grooves. Pseudopapillary structures with arborizing capillaries and metachromic core on Diff-Quik-stained smears were lined by epithelioid cells. Acinar and rosette-like formations, as well as single neoplastic cells were observed [Figure 1]. The background was clean, but scattered foamy histiocytes were present. Many tumor cells exhibited single or multiple clear cytoplasmic vacuoles, displacing the nucleus [Figures 2 and 3]. The vacuoles were well-defined and variable in size, producing coin-shaped empty spaces in the cytoplasm [Figures 4 and 5]. Necrosis and mitosis were not seen. Coin-shaped vacuoles were mimicking signet-ring appearance on the cell-block [Figures 6 and 7]. Periodic acid-schiff (PAS) and mucicarmine stains were negative on the cell block sections.

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Figure 1

Typical complex-branching pseudopapillary structures surrounded with single and/or loosely cohesive neoplastic cells (PAP, smear)

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Figure 2

The clear vacuoles were often single but numerous clear vacuoles were also observed both in neoplastic groups and single, discohesive, plasmocytoid neoplastic cells (Diff-Quik, smears)

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Figure 3

Small groups of cells with clear cell vacuoles in variable sized (Diff-Quik, smear)

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Figure 4

Intracytoplasmic vacuoles are well defined like coin–shaped (Diff-Quik, smears)

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Figure 5

Vacuoles can be seen often and easily in Diff-Quik stained smears (Diff-Quik, smears)

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Figure 6

The vacuoles can be seen foamy to clear on cell block preparation (H and E, cell block)

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Figure 7

The vacuoles can mimick signet-ring appearance on cell block preparation (H and E, cell block)

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Tumor cells showed strong nuclear staining for β-catenin and cytoplasmic staining for vimentin and CD10 [Figures 8–10]. The stains were negative for chromogranin A, synaptophysin and cytokeratin.

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Figure 8

Neoplastic cells shows nuclear immuno reactivity with beta-catenin (cell block)

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Figure 9

Strong cytoplasmic immuno reactivity with vimentin antibody (cell block)

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Figure 10

CD10 also showed strong cytoplasmic immuno reactivity similar to vimentin (cell block)

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DISCUSSION

SPN is a rare tumor, which accounts for 1-3% of all non-endocrine tumors of the pancreas. This tumor tends to occur in young adult females and is generally localized in the body and tail of the pancreas.[78] The pathogenesis of SPN is not well- understood. Many theories have been hypothesized for the origin of the tumor including small duct epithelium, acinar cells, endocrine cells, totipotential stem cells or primitive cells capable of both exocrine and endocrine differentiation along with genital ridge-related cells that being incorporated into the pancreas during early embryogenesis. Recent studies have suggested a neural crest origin for SPN.[910]

Massive necrosis results in cyst formation in these tumors, while viable tumor cells loosely adhere to the blood vessels, giving the appearance of pseudopapillary formation. SPN has diverse cytomorphological features. Differential diagnosis of SPN includes other solid, cystic and low grade malignant pancreatic neoplasms such as mucinous tumors, serous cystadenoma, neuroendocrine tumors, acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) and pancreatoblastoma (PB).[111213] The combination of cytomorphologic features with pseudopapillary formation, myxohyaline change in vessels and cell degeneration produces various patterns such as acinar, trabecular, pseudorosette and single discohesive cells.[14] Accurate diagnosis can be achieved by careful attention to the cytomorphologic and architectural features. Immunocytochemistry is a highly useful tool in the differential diagnosis of this tumor.

In the present case, striking intracytoplasmic vacuoles were observed in addition to the characteristic cytomorphologic features of SPN. Clear cell dominated pattern SPN was first described in 2006 by Albores-Saavedra et al., as a distinct variant.[1] They demonstrated three cases of SPN with classic clinical features ranging in age from 26 to 32 years, in which the tumor cells had cytoplasmic vacuoles. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm contained a moderate amount of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum but no glycogen particles, lipid, mucin or neurosecretory granules. The authors stated that the vacuoles were formed by dilatation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. He acclaimed the need to be attentive particularly for endocrine tumors of the pancreas with clear cell morphology while diagnozing. The latter group of patients, which tend to be Von Hipple Lindau syndrome, also the clear cell cytoplasm in these tumors due to the presence of lipid droplets. Jhala et al., were first to report the cytologic features of the clear cell variant of SPN in 2007,[7] In a subsequent paper Jhala et al., compared the cytoplasmic vacuoles in pancreatic endocrine tumor (PEN) and SPN.[3] They concluded that the presence of large clear vacuoles was more in favor of SPN than PEN. Hav et al., and Tanino et al., reported one case each of this entity.[45] In a recent report, Zhao et al., emphasized the diagnostic challenges in the FNAB of this variant.[6]

Beside the classic mimics of SPN mentioned above, clear cell variant presents even broader differential diagnosis including primary and metastatic clear cell adenocarcinomas, metastatic renal cell carcinoma, oncocytoma, adrenal cortical tumors, ectopic adrenal tissue in the pancreas and metastatic balloon cell melanoma. Vacuoles can appear foamy in the Papanicolaou-stained smears and cell block sections, in contrast to the air-dried, Diff -Quik stained smears which show “coin-shaped” clear vacuoles. The foamy appearance can simulate oncocytoma or oncocytic tumors such as the conventional and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, oncocytic adrenocortical neoplasms and extra adrenal oncocytic paragangliomas. Clear cell SPN can be distinguished from its mimics by careful attention to the clinical history, cytomorphologic and architectural features and the histological and immunocytochemical characteristics.

There may be still potential errors due to various presentations which result from the delphic origin of SPN. Immunocytochemistry can be the key in these scenarios, being cytokeratin negative and vimentin positive. Intense nuclear staining for β-catenin and focal positivity for alpha-1-antitripsin in PAS positive globules are highly useful. There are many additional stains in the literature such as CD10, progesterone receptors, cyclin D1, galectin3 etc., Neuroendocrine markers; particularly NSE, CD56 and synaptophysin can may be expressed by neoplastic cells of SPN, but Chromogranin A is uniformly negative, which along with the lack of epithelial markers help to differentiate this tumor from PEN. The combination of negative staining for cytokeratins and strong nuclear staining for β-catenin is also helpful in distinguishing this tumor from ACC and PB, which are well-known mimics of SPN.[23712] The most helpful immunocytochemical stains in distinguishing clear cell SPN from other pancreatic neoplasms and extra-pancreatic clear cell tumors are demonstrated in Table 1.[2612131516]

Table 1 Immunophenotypic profile of classic type and clear cell variant of SPN including its common mimickers

To the best of our knowledge, only two previous papers have reported the FNAB features of clear cell SPN. We conclude that the clear cell variant of SPN can be diagnosed cytologically by careful attention to the cytomorphological criteria, combined with immunocytochemical stains.

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